jeudi 14 août 2008

+ GALDÓS y MADRID

***

Es posible que se pueda establecer un binomio diferente entre Madrid y otro escritor, p.e., con Mesonero Romanos, escritor costumbrista madrileño, pero a mi modo de ver es Benito Pérez Galdós, nacido en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, quien se lleva la palma.

Se vino a Madrid con veinte años para ser madrileño auténtico, convencido, cuyas calles recorrió paseando innumerables veces, conoció las típicas casas de huéspedes sórdidas, acogedoras y pintorescas que serán tema literario hasta bien entrado el siglo siguiente, frecuentando la de la calle de las Fuentes y posteriormente la de la calle del Olivo (hoy Mesonero Romanos) y otras.

Encontró una lejana evocación hogareña en El Ateneo madrileño, en la calle de la Montera.

Aparte del tiempo dedicado a la Universidad, todo su vivir lo dedicaba a leer y a andar por Madrid de punta a cabo. En el bellísimo ensayo titulado Madrid nos relata ‘que no podía resistir la tentación de lanzarme a las calles en busca de una cátedra y enseñanza más amplias que las universitarias; las aulas de la vida urbana, el estudio y reconocimiento visual de sus calles, callejuelas, angosturas, costanillas, plazuelas y rincones de esta urbe madrileña, que a mi parecer contenía materia filosófica, jurídica, económica, económico-política y, sobre todo, literaria…, asistiendo al relevo de la guardia de Palacio…embelesado con el militar estruendo de charangas, tambores y clarines, el rodar de la artillería, el desfile de las tropas a pie y a caballo y el gentío no exclusivamente popular…’.

Recorría además de calles, las viejas iglesias, los palacios antiguos… Frecuentaba el Café de Naranjeros, de la plaza de la Cebada; la tertulia del Café Universal, en la Puerta del Sol; el Café Europeo en la calle de Sevilla (hoy de Arlabán), frecuentada por toreros, cómicos y mujeres de vida desenfadada; menos el Café de la Iberia, hirviente de política; asistía con frecuencia al Teatro Real y al Teatro Español.

Con motivo de la revolución de 1868, que derribaba del trono a Isabel II y proclamaba el triunfo de la República tuvo la ocasión de ver la entrada en Madrid de los generales Serrano y Prim.

De todos estos lugares, andanzas y costumbres nos hablaría Galdós en sus obras, en las que se aprecia, al margen de la calidad literaria, el conocimiento profundo de la ciudad y el amor que le profesaba.

A Galdós se le conoce como el cronista del siglo XIX y testimonio de ello son sus Episodios Nacionales, que empiezan con Trafalgar (1805) y acaban con Cánovas (fallecido en 1897), es decir, ejerce de testigo histórico de la vida española durante casi un siglo, con detalles reales de las gentes y las costumbres de la época. Y se ciñe tanto a la realidad que antes de escribir Trafalgar visitó en Santander, en la plaza del Pombo, a un superviviente de la batalla, un viejecito de unos 90 años. Y para escribir Zumalacárregui anduvo buscando datos y noticias en Cegama, Beasain, Azpeitia, Loyola, Azcoitia, Bilbao,…, y se entrevistó con un sobrino carnal del aguerrido general.

Madrid está presente en la mayoría de sus novelas, especialmente en La Fontana de Oro, El audaz, La familia de León Roch,…, obras de su primera época, pero también en otras, como Fortunata y Jacinta, una de sus novelas cumbre, realmente enraizada en Madrid, en que nos describe en unas dos mil páginas un espléndido paisaje urbano con numerosos personajes comunes y populares.

Para darnos cuenta del alcance del conocimiento y devoción que sentía Galdós por los escenarios madrileños baste analizar con mayor detalle una de sus mejores novelas: Misericordia. Nos dice Galdós: “En ‘Misericordia’ me propuse descender a las capas más íntimas de la sociedad matritense, describiendo y presentando los tipos más humanos, la miseria, dolorosa casi siempre, en algunos casos picaresca o criminal y merecedora de corrección. Para esto hube de emplear largos meses en observaciones y estudios directos del natural, visitando las guaridas de gente mísera o maleante que se alberga en los populosos barrios del Sur de Madrid. Acompañado de policías escudriñé las ‘Casas de dormir’ de las calles de Mediodía Grande y del Bastero, y para penetrar en las repugnantes viviendas donde celebran sus ritos nauseabundos los más rebajados prosélitos de Baco y Venus, tuve que disfrazarme de médico de la Higiene Municipal…”.

“El ‘moro Almudena, Mordejai’, que parte tan principal tiene en la acción de la novela, fue arrancado del natural por una feliz coincidencia…que en el Oratorio del Caballero de Gracia pedía limosna un ciego andrajoso, que por su facha y lenguaje parecía de estirpe agarena. Acudí a verle y quedé maravillado de la salvaje rudeza de aquel infeliz que en español aljamiado interrumpido a cada instante por juramentos terroríficos… Le llevé conmigo por las calles de Madrid, con escala en varias tabernas…”.


Estos pasajes nos dan una leve idea de la profundidad con que Galdós conocía y retrata las escenas de la geografía humana matritense.

No nos queda espacio para unas valoraciones sobre por qué Galdós no es más popular en nuestros días (mala propaganda de su figura durante la época de la dictadura, etc.) y en su ideología política (se confesaba republicano).

Solamente hemos querido mostrar cómo vivía Madrid el escritor más madrileño de los no madrileños y cuán bien conocía y amaba la capital.

***

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